Water Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences Essay Water is the most distributed substance on our planet. It is available in different amounts everywhere and plays an important role in the surrounding environment and human life. By recent estimates the earths hydrosphere contains a huge amount of water of about 1,386 million cubic kilometers. However, 97.5 per cent of this amount is saline water and only 2.5 per cent is fresh water. The greater portion of the fresh water (68.70%) is in the shape of ice and permanent snow cover in the Antarctic, the Artic, and Mountains regions. Only 0.26 per cent of the total amount of fresh water on the earth is concentrated in lakes, reservoirs, and river systems. They are most accessible for economic needs and very important for water ecosystems. Agriculture sector requires more irrigation water compared to industry and domestic sectors. Especially in developing countries the consumption of irrigation water was more than 90 per cent. Irrigation in India Indias irrigation development in this century and particularly after independence has seen number of large storage based system all by the government effort and money. However, in pre-British period in India, there were practically no large reservoir projects. Even in British period, a few storage structures were built only in the beginning of this century. Post independent India however has seen more than 60 per cent of irrigation budgets going for major and minor projects. Indian states have taken over total responsibility of planning, decision making, finance, construction, operation and maintenance of existing and future irrigation projects of all sizes. Indias irrigated agriculture has been fundamental to its economic development and poverty alleviation. About 18.00 per cent of Indias gross domestic product and 67.00 per cent of employment is based on agriculture. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in rural area, which accounts for 75.00 per cent of Indias population and 80.00 per cent of its poor. And, in turn, irrigation is the base for about 56.00 per cent. Considering these aspects of agriculture, Government of India has undertaken construction of major and minor irrigation projects in India. But, these projects have failed in equitable distribution of water resources throughout the country. Irrigation in Karnataka The Karnataka state is the eighth largest state in the country and it is located in the Deccan plateau. The geographical area of state is 1,90,498 sq km accounting for 5.8 per cent of the total area of the country. The climate of state varies from very humid rainy monsoonal climate in the west coast, the ghats and malnad areas to semi-arid warm dry climate on the east. There is a large variation in the rainfall with higher amounts in the Western Ghats and reducing towards the eastern plains. Along the coastal Dakshina Kannada district, the normal rainfall is about 4000 mm while in the drought prone districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Bellary etc., the rainfall is of the order of 500 mm to 600 mm. The average annual yield of the rivers of the Karnataka has been roughly estimated as 98,406 M.CUM (3,475 TMC). Agriculture being the main occupation of the state, irrigation plays utmost significant role in obtaining increased yields from the land. The development of irrigation in the state was slow and unsystematic during the pre-independence era. However, there was some notable irrigation works undertaken and completed during the pre-independence, such as Krishna Raja Sagar, Vijayanagar canals, Cauvery anicut channels, Gokak canal, Vanivilas Sagar, Markonahalli and Anjanapur. Though major projects like Tungabhadra, Bhadra, and Ghataprabha stage-I were commenced prior to the plan period, their progress was low and got impetus only after their inclusion in the first five year plan. River systems of Karnataka and water resources Karnataka has seven river systems, namely Krishna, Cauvery, Godavary, West flowing rivers, North Pennar, South Pennar, and Palar. It is estimated that the economically utilized water for irrigation is about 1695 TMC, excluding ground water. The total net sown area in the state is 107 lakh ha including rainfed irrigated area of 46 lakh ha. It is reported that the balance irrigation potential from all sources excluding rainfed irrigation has been estimated as about 61 lakh ha comprising 35 lakh ha under major and medium irrigations, 10 lakh ha from minor irrigation using surface water and 16 lakh ha from ground water. The Tungabhadhra Project The Tungabhadhra Dam is built across Tungabhadra river near Mallapura village about 5 kms from Hospet town. The name Tungabhadra is derived from twin rivers Tunga and Bhadra, which originate in Varaha Parvata in Western Ghats and join at Kudali village in Shimoga district. The Tungabhadra Project was started during the year 1945 as a joint venture by the Governments of Madras and Hyderabad. At the time of States reorganization, the project came over to Karnataka state. In Karnataka, it is intended to irrigate an area of 3.63 lakh hectares in Bellary, Raichur and Koppal districts under this project. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. About 3.52 lakh hectares have been developed up to end of March 2006. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) PIM is not a new concept in India and locally managed irrigation systems are centuries old. They existed long before but they have been forgotten as the years rolled by and with the advent of the British regime and contraction of major irrigation projects. In ancient and medieval India, small irrigation schemes were entirely managed by farmers. As early as third century B.C. the Kautilya Arthashastrta enunciated the principles of participatory irrigation management. In second century A.D. in Tamilnadu, the Chola king built the Grand Anicut across the Cauvery river in the delta area and it was locally managed system till it was taken over by the British in 1799. Similarly, the Vijayanagar canals built by the Vijayanagar empire (13th to 16th century) as river diversion across the Tungabhadra river were entirely and ideally farmer managed. During the British period, many canal irrigation systems were built to ward off the havocs and distresses of famines in India. All these irrigation systems were entirely Government managed through the State Irrigation Department from top to bottom. Thus, the irrigation management became the exclusive responsibility of the State Irrigation Department. The concept of irrigation management is as much an organizational and social responsibility of the irrigators has been ignored with the need to increase agriculture productivity. Governments (Centre and State) embarked upon ambitious and major irrigation projects and they are all Governments managed. In this process, the past success of farmers in managing their own irrigation system was forgotten. The administration of such projects has not been able to enforce water control efficiently. Even if they are enforced, the legal mechanisms against the violators are also very weak. The failure of large scale irrigation projects has led to increased support for systems which could be run and maintained by the users themselves. In view of this, participatory irrigation management took birth. Realizing the great role of irrigation in economic progress, many countries in the world invested huge amounts of money for development of irrigation. Most of these state owned projects suffered from certain lacunae. These irrigation systems are not self sustaining because, the water charges have been kept low and also have not been collected efficiently over the years. The allocation of funds for the Operation and Maintenance (O and M) have created problem of unreliability of distribution of water. It has been recognized widely that unless the farmers are involved in an orgainized way in the operation, management and maintencance, the objectives of the irriagation projects cannot be realized to a full extent. Therefore, there is a trend all over the world to switch over to management of irrigation by farmers and thereby improve the efficiency. In the United States of America, the efforts began as early as in 1939 in this direction and completed thirty years later in 1969. France and Taiwan implemented the process in 1960s and 1970s. Since 1980s there have been experiments of this kind in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Arabia and Europe. Similarly Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Philippines and other countries. This program is called by different names in different countries. It is called as Turn over in Indonesia and Philippines. Management transfer in Mexico and Turkey, take over in Colombia, Post-responsibility system or Responsibility contracting system in China and Par ticipatory Management in Sri Lanka. The process of change is also described differently as Farmers Organization and Turn over (FOT), Transfer and Self-Management (TESM), Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT), Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM), etc. Participation is a process in which people express themselves, share, contribute and act with mutual responsibility to promote a common goals. Participation is crucial for agriculture and rural development and is one of the critical components for success of natural resource management. Farmers participation in decision making is more likely to lead to a sustainable increase in food production as well as in eco-preservation, restoration and development. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) refers to the involvement such as planning, designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance (O and M) and evaluation of irrigation system. The program is implemented in India with the label of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). The objectives vary from place to place within the country, but generally directed at improving the operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, increasing efficiency in the use of water, reducing the Government expenditure on irrigation, increase the collection of revenue. The man behind the present day Participatory Irrigation Management and irrigation co-operation is Sir. M. Vishveshvaraya, who as early as 1902-03 had advocated for establishment of such co-operation in respect of Khadakwasla canals while he was working as an Assistant Engineer in the Bombay state. Two water users co-operative societies were established namely Saswad Mali Society (1932) in Pune district and Samvastra Vibhag Water Supply Co-Operative Society (1936) in Ahamadnagar district. PIM in Karnataka The associations were named as Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) and the task of organizing them was entrusted to the Command Area Development Authority (CADA). The jurisdictional area of society was indicated in the range of 300 to 500 ha depending upon the position of the command area, hydrologic base and consideration of socio-economic aspects. The first society was registered in May 1990 at Shettikera in Shahapur taluka of Upper Krishna Project comprising an area of 328 ha in Shahapur Branch Canal. Since 2000, the Government of Karnataka has initiated a number of fresh measures for the implementation of the Participatory Irrigation Management. It had promulgated amendments to the Karnataka Irrigation Act 1965 and Irrigation (Levy of Betterment Contribution and Water Rate) Act 1957, to provide the legal frame work for formation of the societies and their duties and responsibilities have been framed. Water users associations at different level: It was proposed to organize the Water Users Associations (WUAs) at four levels as follows, Lateral level Water Users Co-operative Societies Distributory level Water Users Distibutory Level Federation Project level Water Users Project Level Federation State level Water Users Apex Level Federation Objectives of PIM model in Karnataka To initiate participation of the farmers in water management, irrigation scheduling, distribution and maintenance of system at micro level. To improve irrigation as well as water use efficiency or optimal production per unit volume of water. To make best use of natural precipitation and ground water in conjunctive with the canal water. To develop a sense of economy in water use amongst the users. To facilitate the users to have a choice in selecting crops, cropping sequence, timing of water supply depending upon the soil and availability of water, climate and other infrastructure facilities available in the command such as road, markets, cold storage etc., so as to maximize the income and profit. To delineate responsibilities of water distribution and maintenance of system between the users both relating to allocation and actual supply of water. To facilitate resolution of conflicts among farmers. To entrust collective and community responsibilities on the farmers to collect water charges and payments to government. To improve and sophisticate deliveries precisely as per crop need by the department at the supply point of the minors and thus reduce operation losses. To create healthy atmosphere between the managers and users in the entire operation. Enough research has been conducted to develop appropriate technology for irrigation commands, but it has not been adopted properly due to various reasons. In this context, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) is conceived as panacea for the ills of irrigated farming. It is expected to solve the problems such as poor drainage, poor crop productivity, environmental degradation etc. PIM also deals with the maintenance of the irrigation system, equitable distribution of water, scientific crop management, planning and designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance and evaluation of irrigation system etc. The logic is that water users have higher stake and they have total control over management of the irrigation system. PIM in Tungabhadra Project area Tungabhadra project (TBP) is one of the oldest projects to help the drought hit districts of North Karnataka. It serves three districts namely, Koppal, Raichur and Bellary. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. An area of 3.52 lakhs hectares has been developed up to the end of March 2006. Sufficient time has elapsed without adequate returns in terms of agriculture output, income or revenue from the investment. To overcome these hurdles, the state adopted Participatory Irrigation Management and formation of Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) in early 1990s. As per the directions of the Government of India, the farmers are required to adopt micro level systems of water management. In this respect, from the year 1990 to 1999, sixteen water users co-operative societies were organized under CADA of which 13 societies were assisted with an amount of Rs.12.97 lakhs for first three years to meet the expenses of establishment charges like office rent, furniture and maintenance charge etc. But these societies have become defunct due to stoppage of financial assistance from the Government. Action is being taken to revitalize these societies and to adopt the new bye-laws and start functioning as per the amendment brought to irrigation act which was enforced from 2000 and onwards. In Tungabhadra project command area, 432 water users co-operative societies (out of 835 societies covering 3.63 lakh hectares) were registered up to end of November 2007 at Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts. These water users co-operative societies covered an area of 1.77 lakh hectares of land. Among 432 water users co-operative societies, 168 water users co-operative societies have executed MOU and also two distributory level federations are registered one at RBLLC Bhagewady distributory and the other at RBHLC D.P.13 distributary. The formation of three more distributory federations are under progress. The registration of WUCSs in large number was mainly due to the pressure and target fixed by the government to the CADA officials. However, the progress of entering into memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Water Resources Department (WRD), actual hand over to farmers, etc was practically very slow. The expectations of organization of WUCSs were not achieved. There are many hurd les in the implementation of PIM at the grass root level. Therefore, in the study an attempt is made to understand the nature and progress of PIM and to identify the various factors / constraints limiting the successful implementation. This would throw light on ways and means for operatationalization of existing WUCSs in TBP area. Specific Objectives To analyze the growth in participatory irrigation management (PIM) in Tungabhadra project area. To asses the physical and financial progress of participatory irrigation management in the command area. To assess the impact of participatory irrigation management on farm economy. To identity the constraints in the operationalisation of participatory irrigation management (PIM). Hypotheses Growth of participatory irrigation management is increasing over the years. The physical and financial progress of the water users association is not satisfactory. The impact of functional water users co-operative societies on farm economy is not satisfactory over existing co-operative societies. Working of water users co-operative societies is beset with constraints. Presentation of the study The study has been presented in seven chapters. In chapter I, the nature and importance of the research problem, specific objectives of the study have been depicted. Chapter II deals with the review of the relevant past studies related to the study. Chapter III gives an over view of the study area, the nature and sources of data, the analytical tools employed for evaluating the objectives and interpreting the results and various concepts used in the study. The results of the study have been presented through a variety of tables in the chapter IV. A critical discussion of the results obtained has been presented / depicted in the chapter-V. A brief summary of the overall results and the main findings of the study have been presented in the chapter-VI along with the policy implications that emerged from the findings of the study. Chapter -VII includes the list of the refered books and journals in the study.

Data Gathering Procedure Essay

After the validation of the instrument, the researchers secured a written permit to the administrators of Alicia National High School, Records from the registrar office and guidance office are useful enough for the needed data on the list of student who are dropouts, repeaters, balik-arals and students with failed grades. After given permission, the researchers explained the purpose of the study to the selected respondents and then they made sure each participant corresponds to their predefined criteria. The researchers collected the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises their age, gender, and year level and student status. The problems encountered by the respondents will be identified through the second part of the survey questionnaire that was given to them. After, the respondents have taken the tests; the papers were checked, tallied, interpreted and analyzed. Research Design In this study, the descriptive-survey method was employed to identify the role and significance of The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. To define the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important new issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. A survey is a structured way of learning about a larger group of people by obtaining information from a representative sample of that particular group of people. Some of the advantages of a survey are that it describes the characteristics of a large population and there is no other method of observation, which can provide this general capability. It allows many questions to be asked about a given topic by giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. A survey is also a single most widely used research design in educational research; therefore, it was used in this educational research as well (Kavetuna,  2009). Purposive sampling method was done for the sample selection. A purposive sample refers to the selection of units based on personal judgment rather than randomization. This judgmental sampling is in some way â€Å"representative† of the population of interest without sampling at random. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where it is needed to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. In relation with the study, the researchers identified The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. It seeks to provide information and examine the relationship among variables. Theoretical Framework According to Erik Erikson’s Psycho-Social Development of Personality, particularly the conflict stage of â€Å"industry versus inferiority,† that lasts from 6 to 11 years. In our culture, school life begins here. This stage is the beginning of life outside the family; a stage of systematic instruction, a movement from play to a sense of work. This stage describes that a child needs to do well and develop a sense of work completion and satisfaction in a job well done. Otherwise, the child develops a sense of inferiority and inequality. Another is the adolescence stage termed, â€Å"identity versus identity confusion† that occurs between 12 to 20 years, it emphasizes the difficult transition between childhood and adulthood that can be strongly affected by social limitations and possibilities. The adolescent is likely to suffer from confused roles. Doubts about one’s sexual attractiveness and sexual identity are common to this stage. The inability to develop a sense of identification with an individual or cultural role model who gives direction to one’s life can lead to a period of floundering and insecurity. Another reaction is over identification with youth-culture heroes or clique leaders leading to a loss of identity. Because of these crucial stages where most high school students in the country are where at, many problems arises that can affect their functioning in their daily lives. An additional theory is from Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, which points out the basic human needs. He believed that exposure to environmental conditions that permit or prohibit gratification of the basic needs prompts movement up or down the hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggests  that, without the fulfilment of these needs, an individual may feel discouraged, weak and inferior. In line with this study, if a student feels discouraged and inferior, his motivation may be affected and thus, there will certainly have inhibitions especially with his performance in school. Moreover, Carl Rogers’ Self-theory that points out that the ultimate goal of each one is to be a fully functioning person. It is a process in which the individual constantly pursues his or her actualizing tendency, and at the same time behaves in a manner that is true to the self. Rogers also described the characteristics of a fully functioning person these are: openness to experiences, existential living, self-trust, sense of freedom and creativity. With these theories, the researchers will conduct a study on The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines as a basis for a proposed guidance intervention program.

What You Do Not Know About Essay Topics 2016 Might Surprise You

What You Do Not Know About Essay Topics 2016 Might Surprise You Other folks think that such competition seriously limits the standard of authentic learning. Try out the PresentationAfter doing the entire preparation of the presentation at home, the next issue is to try it to the office staff or the boss to make certain it is on the proper track and the tone of the presenter is exactly based on the presentation. The primary aim of technological advancement ought to be to increase people's efficiency so they have more leisure time. On the flip side, some argue that the expense of college leaves students with crippling debt they'll never have the ability to repay. At that stage, you can begin writing full length practice essays. You're given climate as the area of study. To write a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. Finding the Best Essay Topics 2016 In school, essay writing has been made to be part of our learning activity. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a conventional face-to-face course. Finding out how to compose an essay is something which will help students not just in their school and college career, but throughout their life too. If you're going to succeed in the IELTS test you must be using and exposing yourself to English everyday. While Score Choice makes it possible for you to pick which day's scores you send to colleges, you will not ever be able to send only some scores from a sure test day. There might be personal information which you want considered as a member of your admissions application. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is an excellent fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. College students should base their selection of an area of study on the access to work in that area. The cos t of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Your readers want to find the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. It is crucial to get started with demonstrating the principal idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the exact page. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. Choosing Essay Topics 2016 Learning a new language for an early age is helpful for kids. Parents must be at fault for providing a wholesome diet. They should talk to their children about drugs at a young age. They should be held legally responsible for their children's acts. Want to Know More About Essay Topics 2016? You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! There are different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. The point here is to understand what you're going to write before writing it. Make sure you're really interested in the matter, because otherwise you will have no confidence, which is a significant aspect when convincing somebody. Essay Topics 2016 - the Conspiracy Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Picking an emotional topic is also a superb idea. Students just need to locate their niche from the multitude of topics they can explore. Even though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. There are two major means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit. There are specific topics every expert essay writer will advise students to avoid at any cost. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to decide on a great topic for their assignment. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. You don't need to take the SAT with Essay, but should you do, you're going to be in a position to apply to schools that require it. Students should always question what they're taught rather than accepting it passively. They are not able to come up with a good piece of prejudice essays, not because they can't write essays but probably because of the fact that they are not able to develop good titles for essays on prejudice. Some people think that scientific discoveries have given us a far better mastery of the world around us. During the research students may also find it beneficial to categorise a variety of topics into relevant subcategories like recycling, dieting, health, food technology, science and the surroundings. The idea of high-quality teaching is turning into an issue of relevance as the primary landscape of education has been facing constant transformation. It is crucial to understand here that the idea of sup erior teaching and initiatives are extremely different and diverse by nature and in operations. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying current with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you need to convey to the rest of earth. Don't neglect to explain why the dilemma is valuable to you! The best method to fix environmental problems brought on by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the total amount of trash they'll accept from every household. Share the details Tell us when you want to get the paper than whenever your professor needs it. Social networking is a cheap but efficient advertizing channel. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking.

The Decision Of The European Central Bank - 2496 Words

It is necessary to look at the state of the Eurozone economy in order to properly analyse the decision of the European Central Bank (ECB) on September the 4th to cut its benchmark interest rate to 0.05%, and to launch an asset purchase program to buy debt products from the banks at the same time. Since the collapse of Lehman in 2008 and the global crisis that followed, the Eurozone has been contracting significantly to the extent where â€Å"consumer price inflation in the Eurozone fell to 0.3% in September.† (BBC, 2014) The ECB’s reaction has been to reduce interest rates and make use of quantitative easing to try to generate economic growth, albeit without much success. In June 2014, when Mr. Draghi, the president of the ECB, announced its latest cuts to 0.15%, he stated that he couldn’t see the rates dropping below this level. And yet, merely a few months later, he announced a further drop to 0.05%, in what many considered to be a desperate attempt to help pul l the Eurozone out of deep crisis. The example of Japan’s 20-year struggle with deflation and a contracting economy was the driving force that pushed the ECB to take this drastic measure. Therefore, it is important to analyse and evaluate the decision of the ECB, set in the context of the current European economic situation, and the alternative policies that could be used. The introduction of expansionary monetary policy can have many impacts on an economy. One such impact is to stimulate consumer spending and levels ofShow MoreRelatedThe Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank841 Words   |  4 Pagesin Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank LaRisha Baker Professor: Tom DiCorcia November 30th, 2014 Introduction The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for Europes single currency, the euro. 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Benefits Of Liberal Arts Requirements - 1719 Words

Like many young people, I had very little idea about what I wanted to pursue for a career when I enrolled at Minnesota State University Moorhead (MSUM). One of the benefits of liberal arts requirements is that you have the opportunity to take classes that you might otherwise overlook. For me it was a course in human biology. Taught by a charismatic and enthusiastic professor, the course I took only to fulfill my liberal arts requirements became the course that started me down a career path in science. To figure out where I wanted to take my new biology major, I became involved in undergraduate research with Dr. Ellen Brisch. Dr. Brisch’s research focused on the sexual development of fish embryos in estrogenic waters downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Estrogenic activity from chemical pollutants can negatively effect the sexual development of many aquatic species, leading to male infertility and population decline1, 2. To study the extent of this phenomenon in Moorhead , MN, we collected water from multiple sites along the Red River of the North and reared medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos in these samples. Embryonic development as well as hatching time were examined and compared to estrogenic and non-estrogenic control waters. We found that embryos hatched in estrogenic water and water sampled downstream of the wastewater treatment plant hatched significantly earlier than those in non-estrogenic control water, as well as water samples from other areas of the river.Show MoreRelatedA Liberal Arts Education: Preparing You for Any Career Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesA liberal arts education should no longer be considered the â€Å"easy way out† when compared to a career-oriented education. A liberal arts education provides students with many benefits, as well as a well-rounded education. Although this is true, many people still have doubts about liberal arts educations. 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People have become overly dependent on technology Free Essays

The World Wide Web is a huge world that should be controlled. The Internet has many advantages and disadvantages. It is either to be a useful tool or to be a harmful weapon. We will write a custom essay sample on People have become overly dependent on technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet had many effects and side effects in the social life, Safety and also purchasing or shopping. If it was controlled all those will be much better and life will be easier. However, if it was uncontrolled that will lead to huge problems. The peaceful tool will convert to be a harmful weapon. It won’t kill humans but I will kill nations and cultures. First, the Internet had developed the teaching methods and made the education uch easier and better. The student can look up for any subject that he need in the internet and It will Just pop up to him. It is better than referring to books. Internet will take you seconds to find specific information, while books may take hours and day to look up on them. The student homework’s, assignments and projects also require him to use Internet. The students and kids are totally able to look up for anything in the Internet, so that can lead to one of two things. First, Either the kids will use that to improve their skills, knowledge and they will catch up with the technology. Second, they will start to look up for pornographic media and it will be easy to obtain. It will destroy a lot of their parents work. They may addict online games as most of the kids in this time. This will cause them their social life. They wont be able to make friends or to contribute with anyone. They will not feel that they are wrong until they grew up and become adults. In that time they will notice that they have no friends or anyone around him. It will be very hard in that time to recover what he did. Not to mention that the kids who stay a lot in the Internet they got some issues. They will have pain in their packs and in their hands. This pain will be noticed after they grew up. But they will feel that their eyes are becoming weaker with time. It is the main reason for why too many people are wearing glasses in these days. They should be censored in what they see, how long they set in front of their computers or laptops and how they set. Second, The Internet can be used by governments to ensure the safety. It is a tool that the governments can use to detect the strange cases and stop them right away. There were some cases those terrorist used emails to contact each other. If their emails were controlled and under the government eyes they would probably save human lives. Governments should also watch the text massaging and instant massaging such â€Å"WhatsApp† or â€Å"skype† because it may used to plan for something. If governments work harder in the telecommunication security side, they would achieve many things that they are trying to do by other methods. They may detect a terrorist or also a murder evident, these things should not be ignored. Other wise we will watch a new type of terrorist that is more crazy than the previous ones. Third, There are types ot thieves and terrorist. In these days the worse type ot it is the hacker. There are a lot of hackers in this time. Those hackers may do small things such hacking an email. They also may do huge things like trying to hack a financial websites and steal the money from it. There are a lot of people who shops in the Internet and they are all afraid from the hackers or the fake website. Since they Just fill in their credit card information. They will find out that they were stolen. There are many fake websites and hackers that use Internet to gain money. The huge what hackers can do is trying to steal a bank. If government do not secure banks, people money will Just disappear. All the financial websites should be secured and controlled by the government so no body get stolen. Finally, The Internet can be a very useful tool to develop and to live a better life. However, this can never be unless that the Internet was secured and under the government eyes. I hope that people understand the meaning of the Internet and how harmful can it be. I also hope that people understand how a useful it is if it was used properly. How to cite People have become overly dependent on technology, Essays People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology Free Essays Humans have been called the animals which make things, and at no time in history has this been so obvious as the present. Today, every human activity is dependent upon various tools, machines, and systems, from growing food to providing shelter to communication, healthcare, and entertainment. Some machines, like the tractor, speed up and make more efficient activities that humans have done for hundreds of thousands of years. We will write a custom essay sample on People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others such as the airplane or the Internet, make possible things that humans have never been able to do before. This collection of devices, capabilities, and the knowledge that accompanies them is called technology. We can say that â€Å"living without technology is like living without air† in this technical world of today. Therefore, we are much dependent on technology. Broadly speaking, technology is how people modify the world to suit their own purposes. From the Greek word techne, meaning art or artifice or craft, technology literally means the act of making or crafting, but more generally it refers to the diverse collection of processes and knowledge that people use to extend human abilities and to satisfy human needs and wants. Technology has been going on since humans first formed a blade from a piece of flint, harnessed fire, or dragged a sharp stick across the ground to create a furrow for planting seeds, but today it exists to a degree unprecedented in history. Planes, trains, and automobiles carry people and cargo from place to place at high speeds. Telephones, television, and computer networks help people communicate with others across the street or around the world. Medical technologies, from vaccines to Stem Cell therapy, allow people to live longer, healthier lives. 00 years ago people’s average age of death was from 40 to 45. But now it’s 75. Furthermore, technology is evolving even as we speak, with new technologies being created and existing technologies being improved and extended. The benefits of technology are usually obvious, if they were not, it would probably never be developed, but the disadvantages and dangers are often hidden. A perfect example is chlorofluorocarbons, or C FCs. When CFCs were invented, no one realized that these chemicals used as refrigerants would eventually damage the ozone layer. Today, the Internet is having profound effects on society, how people interact and communicate with one another, how they do their business, and how they get their entertainment and recreation, but no one knows exactly what to expect from it in future. Computers make our lives easier and give us new ways to learn about the things we’re interested in. They make it possible to do many things from the comfort of our own home — we can shop online, keep in touch with our friends online, even go to school online. They make it easier to record and organize information and entertain us with a nearly endless variety of games. However, it’s still important to maintain a life outside of the cyber world; a life spent attached to a computer screen isn’t a real life. When a computer becomes the central point of a person’s life, they undergo a change in behavior; they become lazy and develop anti-social tendencies, and, in some severe cases, simply cannot function without a computer. Some people say that we are not really dependent on technology. We can live without the technology. Our ancestors did it, so why can’t we? I would ask these questions: When was the last time you solve math problems without using calculator? When was the last time you went to library to find information instead of searching from internet? Also time has changed since our ancestors era. Has technology really taken over our lives this much? Where we can’t go 2 minutes without checking our phone to see if we have a text? Where we can’t go a day or two without checking our e-mail, and facebook? We can’t even walk across a campus without seeing a student on the phone, laptop or listening to their iPods. All this makes it particularly important that people understand and are comfortable with the concepts and workings of modern technology. Today’s people, including me, have become socially inept and too dependent on technology. Now this isn’t meant to be a hate technology thread, because technology really can be awesome at times. From a personal standpoint, people benefit both at work and at home by being able to choose the best products for their purposes, to operate the products properly, and to troubleshoot them when something goes wrong. And from a societal standpoint, an informed citizenry improved the chances that decisions about the use of technology will be made rationally and responsibly. But sometimes we take technology too seriously, and depend on it too much. If your computer breaks, don’t get pissed about it. If the Internet goes down, it’s not the end of the world. If your phone is broken, don’t kill yourself. And ask this question from yourself: How long can you â€Å"survive† without technology? How to cite People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology, Essays

Asthma is a Chronic Lung Disease Case Study

Question: Describe about the Case Study for "Asthma is a chronic lung disease"? Answer: Pathophysiology Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes obstruction and inflammation of airways. It is recognised to affect the breathing patterns followed by excess coughing and wheeziness. Patients suffer from airway obstruction. People with family history of asthma are sure to be affected in their life. Both environmental and genetic factors are responsible for it cause. In this study, a patient is diagnosed with asthma in the childhood. Medical reports of the patient give a brief detail of patients history, treatment plan and medication prescribed. This study shows the physical and social impact of the disease on the patient. In this case study Patient aged 44, married with no children is diagnosed as a child with asthma. Asthma can be of two types allergic that is caused by exposure to allergen and non-allergic that caused by cold and other irritants. Asthma in this patient is identified to be because of environmental factors that mostly include airborne allergens and respiratory tract infections (Meln and Pershagen 2012). Other factors include tobacco smoke, cooking gases, air conditioners, nitrogen dioxide, humidifiers, improper ventilation in a house, infection due to other asthma members in the house, use of electric heaters, etc. Several cases identified the increased asthma on air pollution (Theoharides et l. 2012). These factors together with viral respiratory infections are mainly responsible for the severe persistence of childhood asthma. Most children are affected with parainfluenza virus and rhinovirus during their early life (Bouzigon et al. 2015). Asthma is also manifested by an interaction of respiratory viruses with atopy. Family asthma experiences showed to be the major risk factor in several cases. In this case study patients family history shows atopy. Thus, genetic factors also help in the development of asthma. Therefore, an onset of early asthma is mainly due to history asthma, early exposure to risk factors for atopy and wheezing. Asthma patients commonly experience discomfort from multiple triggers (dust, cold weather) coughing, tightness in chest, shortness of breath and wheezing. Lung function test shows the thick layer of mucous in airways causing obstruction, edema and inflammation of lungs in these patients. Blood examination shows elevation in inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, immunoglobulin E and basophils. Several studies revealed that allergens elevate immune response. Therefore, the high level of TH2, cytokines, chemokines and Ig E are observed (Theoharides et l. 2012). Mast cells cause an IgE-mediated release of hista mine and leukotrienes the key players in causing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Inflammatory mediators disrupt airway epithelium. Dendritic cells interact with allergens and infiltrate the lymph nodes which results in elevated T cell response. Neutrophils are elevated during excessive smoking. Airway remodelling also occurs due to infiltrations of structural cells that leads to hyperplasia and hypersecretion of mucous. It is further accompanied by angiogenesis and subepithelial fibrosis. Bronchial inflammation is the manifestation of interaction between immune cells and other mediators that are mainly responsible for narrowed airways (Meln and Pershagen 2012). Although genetic factors are known to play the crucial role in asthma exact mechanism behind inflammation and airway obstruction through them is not yet understood. Asthma also has psychosocial effects. Patients suffer from anxiety, depression, slouching, unusual restlessness, lack of desire to work, etc. Low oxygen als o affects neurological functions. An uncontrolled cough sometimes increases fear of death. These makes life too stressful that apart anger, frustration, embarrassment becomes part of their everyday lives (Bouzigon et al. 2015). History taking and diagnosis History taking in medicine is corner stone which gives doctors clear evidence of the present patient condition. It includes past experiences of disease along with physical and psychosocial effects. The history taking starts with series of the questionnaire for a patient to obtain complete details. The history in the case of childhood asthma should involve information about exposure to passive smoking during early infancy, maternal use of corticosteroids and any other environmental factors discussed earlier. Deteriorated lung function causes prolonged persistence asthma symptoms. Several studies show that development of asthma in children before three years of age is mainly due to maternal smoking during pregnancy and have more frequent wheezing (Bickley et al. 2012). According to some studies, these children show decreased lung function by the age of 7 years. Therefore, intervention in asthma development in childhood prevents persistence of airflow obstruction in later years. In this case, patient study reports identified asthma only and no evidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found. She also has a personal and family history of atopy. A detailed physical examination is required to check distressing symptoms, a presence of viral infection in upper respiratory tract and assessment of factors that cause inflammation (Schleich et al. 2014). Asthma in this patient is identified to be because of environmental factors that mostly include tobacco smoke, cooking gases, air conditioners, nitrogen dioxide, humidifiers, improper ventilation in a house, infection due to asthma members in the house, electric heaters, etc. Family asthma experiences showed to be the major risk factor in this case. Therefore, although suffering from a persistent cough since January 2015, could not go for the regular checkup. The patient kept on using sister's inhalers up to the month of September. It worsened the situation with multiple triggers (dust, cold weather) coughing, tightness in chest, shortness of breath and wheezing. Upon checkup lung function test and other clinical reports showed the low level of PEF-200 instead of normal range 400. She was recommended with PO Prednisolone 40 mg for five days, one per day. Clenil 100mcg was prescribed to take two puffs in the morning and evening. Salbutamol 100 mg one or two puffs were told to use for emergency. Several studies show that administering prednisolone even after obstructing airflow is the cause of disease severity. Asthma in this patient is recognised to be of a severe persistent category. More of salbutamol and antibiotics was prescribed to relieve symptoms. But other problems developed such as severe abdominal pain and excess menstrual bleeding, dark periorbital patches and faced turned paler. Pelvic and blood examination results showed reduced ferritin and haemoglobin level. Medication was changed, and new asthma plan was given. Ferrous fumarate and Norethisterone 5mg was prescribed along with Symbicort 100 two puffs daily morning and evening. The patient was asked to revisit in 6 weeks for review. Asthma care plan would not relieve the symptoms of anemia (Lommatzsch and Virchow 2014). So, the combination of ICS and LABA was given. Patient has improved and did not require further Salbutamol 100 but experiences a cough usually in the morning. Inhaler technique A correct inhaler technique is a major factor determining the asthma control. Inhalation is the major route of drug delivery in asthma. According to several studies efficacy of inhaled medication and its outcome depends on the patient behaviour on an intake of medicines as instructed (Price et al. 2013). Inhaler therapy aims to deliver a drug directly to lungs. Patient compliance correlates with benefits of inhaler therapy. Different inhalers are deposited to the different extent in lungs. Salbutamol deposits at a lower rate. When maximum drug reaches lungs, it prevents the adverse effects associated with deposition of a drug to some other region. Patients who do not comply with the instructed dosage or proper inhalation technique result in delayed drug delivery to target organ. Lack of education is found to be one of the main reason for noncompliance and inappropriate inhaler use. Adversity of incorrect inhaler use is not properly assessed thus; pharmacists teach inhaler technique t o patients at pharmacies. It led to positively influence asthma control (Giraud et al. 2012). A variety of inhalers is used out of which metered dose inhalers are mostly used in delivering bronchodilators such as salbutamol, corticosteroids. Initial use of meter dose inhalers needs to be properly primed and well shaken before use. Canisters must be well cleaned, and mouthpiece should be dry (Hamdan, et al. 2013). Spacer devices more efficiently deliver drugs to lungs. Patient must read package instruction properly. Dry powder asthma inhalers contain medicine as the dry powder. Unlike the former inhalers, this one needs to be forcefully inhaled. Therefore, they are not prescribed for an aged patient. In this case study, the patient was prescribed to take Symbicort. To use this inhaler firstly capsule is loaded after removing the cap and then breathed deeply keeping mouthpiece between the teeth. Before exhaling, breath is to be held for few seconds (Giraud et al. 2012). Assessment and management of acute asthma Assessment includes identification of symptom intensity and chances of exacerbations and management is the steps taken to forestall the adversity. According to guidelines of NAEPP EPR-3 severity of the patient, a condition is to be determined. Management should be goal directed to achieve positive results. The goal is to prevent symptoms and future risk of exacerbations. These guidelines include the set of instructions that is followed by physicians as per the patients disease scenario. It helps in decision making about asthma care. It instructs patients about dos and donts, assist in determining triggers, next appointment for review, how to communicate with physician and family about asthma attacks. It includes the plan for managing symptoms and asthma attack and emphasize on patient education. Comprehensive treatment is planned so as to resolve and reverse the inflammation (Simons et al. 2012). These guidelines are updated from time to time. If these guidelines are correctly implem ented, it can save both personal and financial loss of the patient. Patients need to give detailed information about the persistence of a cough, whether at night or in a morning, trouble in breathing and performing normal activities. Practioner should plan and ameliorate the symptoms within 2-3 weeks. The analysis should be done to comprehend the reason behind symptomatic frequencies. In this case, study patient was suffering from asthma since childhood. After using medicines for a prolonged period, she was found to be asymptomatic. But recently symptoms recurred. Asthma control plan involves continuous monitoring. She was given steroids, bronchodilators and antibiotics and alleviate medications Prednisolone, Clenil and Salbutamol. It helped relieve the intensity of symptoms and discomfort. She worsened the situation by discontinuing the visit as symptoms were not profound. Distress started to occur despite inhaling steroids. Patients should avoid negligence even if symptoms are resolved. However, later she continued the treatment, and Asthma Management Plan was changed as exacerbations triggered. Childhood asthma management includes administration of mainly nedocromil and theophylline as per NAEPP guidelines but rarely used (Kaya et al. 2014). Patients with allergic asthma require the different set of guidelines according to NAEPP. Mostly omalizumab is prescribed that decreases the release of mast cells and histamine. These patients need to avoid dust allergens, mites, handling pets, etc. Non-pharmacological asthma management involves identification and restoring of the normal situation. Complete avoidance of environmental factors triggering asthma is the base rule. Avoiding food that irritates gastroesophageal reflux is necessary (Parshall et al. 2012). A comprehensive treatment plan is needed that helps control asthma along with educating a patient about details of the case and asthma management. In the given case study initial treatment decreased wheezing and coughing in the patient. But later other problems were noted such as abdominal discomfort and dark circles. Clinical tests identified low ferritin and haemoglobin level. So, asthma control plan was changed, and new medicines were prescribed that brought situation under control. Asthma care plan is changed from time to time with the change in severity and symptoms manifested. Patient and practitioner should efficiently collaborate and decide on to a correct action plan. Patients should also be helped to deal with psychological effects such as anger, confusion, anxiety and depression which are common in people with a prolonged disease. It is advisable to consult professional psychologists to learn to manage stressful experiences of chronic illnesses. Patients need to be in a positive state of mind. Apart from medication patients should engage in physical activities for both mental and physical well-being (Theoharides et al. 2012). Despite several efforts to manage asthma prevention of exacerbations, triggers remain an important problem in the world. Identification and mechanism of genetic factors in asthma is still under intense research. Continuous research is going on to understand the reason behind mismanagement and intervene asthma in early life so as to prevent its persistence in later life. References Bickley, L. and Szilagyi, P.G., 2012. Bates' guide to physical examination and history-taking. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bouzigon, E., Nadif, R., Le Moual, N., Dizier, M.H., Aschard, H., Boudier, A., Bousquet, J., Chanoine, S., Donnay, C., Dumas, O. and Gormand, F., 2015. [Genetic and environmental factors of asthma and allergy: Results of the EGEA study].Revue des maladies respiratoires,32(8), pp.822-840. Giraud, V., Allaert, F.A. and Roche, N., 2012. Inhaler technique and asthma: feasability and acceptability of training by pharmacists.Respiratory medicine,105(12), pp.1815-1822. Hamdan, A.L., Ahmed, A., Abdullah, A.L., Khan, M., Baharoon, S., Salih, S.B., Halwani, R. and Al-Muhsen, S., 2013. Improper inhaler technique is associated with poor asthma control and frequent emergency department visits. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol, 9(1), p.8. Kaya, A., Erkocoglu, M., Akan, A., Vezir, E., Azkur, D., Ozcan, C., Civelek, E., Toyran, M., GiniÃ…Å ¸, T., Misirlioglu, E.D. and Kocabas, C.N., 2014. TRACK as a complementary tool to GINA and NAEPP guidelines for assessing asthma control in pre-school children. Journal of Asthma, 51(5), pp.530-535. Lommatzsch, M. and Virchow, C.J., 2014. Severe asthma: definition, diagnosis and treatment.Deutsches rzteblatt International,111(50), p.847. Meln, E. and Pershagen, G., 2012. Pathophysiology of asthma: lessons from genetic research with particular focus on severe asthma.Journal of internal medicine,272(2), pp.108-120. Parshall, M.B., Schwartzstein, R.M., Adams, L., Banzett, R.B., Manning, H.L., Bourbeau, J., Calverley, P.M., Gift, A.G., Harver, A., Lareau, S.C. and Mahler, D.A., 2012. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. Price, D., Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Briggs, A., Chrystyn, H., Rand, C., Scheuch, G., Bousquet, J. and Inhaler Error Steering Committee, 2013. Inhaler competence in asthma: common errors, barriers to use and recommended solutions. Respiratory medicine, 107(1), pp.37-46. Schleich, F.N., Chevremont, A., Paulus, V., Henket, M., Manise, M., Seidel, L. and Louis, R., 2014. Importance of concomitant local and systemic eosinophilia in uncontrolled asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 44(1), pp.97-108. Simons, F.E.R., Ardusso, L.R., Bilo, M.B., Dimov, V., Ebisawa, M., El-Gamal, Y.M., Ledford, D.K., Lockey, R.F., Ring, J., Sanchez-Borges, M. and Senna, G.E., 2012. 2012 Update: World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology, 12(4), pp.389-399. Theoharides, T.C., Enakuaa, S., Sismanopoulos, N., Asadi, S., Papadimas, E.C., Angelidou, A. and Alysandratos, K.D., 2012. Contribution of stress to asthma worsening through mast cell activation.Annals of Allergy, Asthma Immunology,109(1), pp.14-19.